Abstract Background Weaning of beef calves is a necessary husbandry practice and involves separating the calf from its mother. resulting in numerous stressful events including dietary change. social reorganisation and the cessation of the maternal-offspring bond and is often accompanied by housing. While much recent research has focused on the physiological response of the bovine immu... https://www.wholelatteslovers.shop/product-category/espresso-machine-single-serve/