A ground-source heat pump (GSHP) system is a renewable energy technology that effectively reduces greenhouse gas emissions and consequently mitigates the progression of global warming. The thermal efficiency of ground heat exchangers (GHEs) is a critical component in the GSHP system that must be accurately estimated for its long-term operationality. Therefore. in this study. https://www.roamingfreesims.com/product-category/aa-ni-cd-and-ni-mh-batteries-and-battery-packs/